e. Flues should be fitted to prevent back drafts and smothering flames.



a. The gas must be burned in a Bunsen (blue-flame) burner with perfect combustion. Yellow flames must never be used. The inner cone of the Bunsen flame must not touch the metal surface of the water heater.

b. The heat produced by the burning of the gas must be transferred to the water in the most direct manner possible. The low efficiency of so many heaters is due to the inadequate heating surface so that the water does not have a chance to properly absorb the heat that has been produced.
 
c. The combustion products should be cool when they leave the heater and carried to the flue. The flue should be fitted to prevent back drafts and smothering of flame.

d. Automatic water heaters are of two classes:
1 -- Instantaneous, where the flow of water starts the gas. These use gas for short periods at high rates of flow and may disturb the pressure conditions in the neighborhood.
2 -- Storage with thermostat control. These use small rates of gas flow for longer periods but only to maintain a set water temperature in the tank.
 
e. If any form of storage is used, the heat delivered to the water should be held in; that is, the storage tank should be properly insulated to cut down the radiation losses. Insulation of hot-water pipes from heater to where they enter the walls is also desirable.

f. With any form of storage tank the use of a thermostat for controlling the gas will result in better service and less gas consumption.

g. The heater or tank must be properly connected, cold water introduced at the bottom, and hot water removed at the top. Provision should also be made for the draining and blowing out of the sediment.



The incandescent gas mantle lamp is simply a Bunsen burner where the burning gas heats the material in the mantle to incandescence, thereby producing light. The lamp must be closely adjusted if efficient and satisfactory results are to be obtained. Hissing or roaring sounds are indicative of excessive or bad adjustment. Adjust the lamp by adjusting the air shutter and gas needle valve of the

 



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